​

  constructor(i, radius, direction, offset, col) {

    this.velocity = createVector(0, 0); // Determines how fast the wave expands

    this.acceleration = createVector(0, 0); 

    this.mass = random(1, 10); // Mass for the force calculations

​

    this.radius = radius; // Initial size of the wave

    this.direction = random(0.005, 0.02) * (i % 2 === 0 ? 1 : -1); // Wave oscillation direction outputting a random value, with opposing directions for every other wave 

    this.offset = offset; // Used to create variations in the wave/ where the wave starts from

    this.theta = random(TWO_PI); // Initial angle or phase for the wave creating the oscillation

    this.col = col; // Color of the wave

​

    // Amplitude for wave oscillation, with 30% of waves having high amplitude

    if (random(1) < 0.3) {

      this.amplitude = random(100, 200); // Higher amplitude for these waves

    } else {

      this.amplitude = random(3, 10); // Normal amplitude for the rest of the waves

    }

  }

​

  // Update function adjusts properties each frame

  update() {

    this.theta += this.direction; // Increase the angle based on direction

    this.radius += this.velocity.y; // Adjust wave size 

    this.velocity.y *= 0.8; // Slow down expansion over time

    this.direction += random(-0.005, 0.005); // Vary the oscillation direction slightly as time passes

    this.acceleration.mult(0); // Reset acceleration after each frame

  }

​

  // Simulate drag force on the wave expansion

  drag() {

    let drag = this.velocity.copy(); // Copy current velocity

    drag.normalize(); // Convert to unit vector (magnitude 1)

    drag.mult(-1); // Invert direction

​

    let c = 0.1; // Drag coefficient

    let speedSq = this.velocity.magSq(); // Square of speed for quadratic drag force

    drag.setMag(c * speedSq); // Scale drag based on squared speed and coefficient

​

    this.applyForce(drag); // Apply the drag force to the wave

  }

​

  // Adjust wave velocity based on a given force

  applyForce(force) {

    let f = p5.Vector.div(force, this.mass); // Force = mass x acceleration

    this.acceleration.add(f); // Adjust acceleration based on the force

  }

​

  display() {

  noFill(); 

  stroke(this.col);  // Set the color of the wave using the color specified during wave creation.

  strokeWeight(1);  

  beginShape();  // Start a new shape. 

​

  for (let i = 0; i < TWO_PI; i += 0.01) {  

    // This loop creates the shape of the wave by calculating vertices in a circle around the center.

    let overlap = map(noise(this.theta), 0, 1, -5, 5);  

    // The overlap variable is used to introduce smooth randomness to the wave using Perlin noise 

​

    let x =

      (this.radius +

        overlap +

        sin(i * 10 + this.theta + this.offset * PI) * 5) *

      cos(i);  // Calculate the x position of the vertex. 

               // Here we use the sin to create oscillations in the wave, 

               // and we adjust its position based on the wave's current radius, overlap, and offset. 

               // Multiplying by cos(i) helps to distribute these points in a circular manner.

    let y =

      (this.radius +

        overlap +

        sin(i * 10 + this.theta + this.offset * PI) * 5) *

      sin(i);  // same applies to y

               // The structure is the same as for x, but we multiply by sin(i) to distribute the points vertically.

    vertex(x, y);  // Add this point to the shape being drawn.

  }

  endShape(CLOSE);  // Close the shape, connecting the last vertex to the first.

}

}